MCQ of Building material:

1. Excess of alumina in brick earth makes the brick 

(A) Impermeable

(B) Brittle and weak 

(C) To lose cohesion 

(D) To crack and warp on drying

2.Inner part of a timber log surrounding the pitch, is called 

(A) Sapwood 

(B) Cambium layer 

(C) Heart wood 

(D) None to these 

3. For testing compressive and tensile strength of cement, the cement mortar is made by mixing cement and standard sand in the proportions of 

(A) 1 : 2 

(B) 1 : 3 

(C) 1 : 4 

(D) 1 : 6 

Types of shallow Foundations:

Spread Footing: The spread footings are those which spread the super-imposed load of the structure over a large area.

The spread footings may be of the following types:-

(a) Single footing for a column,

(b) stepped footing for a column,

(c) sloped footing for a column,

(d) wall footing with steps and without steps, 

(e) Grillage foundation.

Combined Footing:- The common footing which is constructed for two or more columns, is called combined footing.

It may be rectangular or trapezoidal shape of a combined footing.

Strap Footing:- When two or more footings are connected by a beam, it is called a strap footing.

Raft or mat foundation:- A foundation consisting of thick reinforced concrete slab covering the entire area of the bottom of the structure, is known as raft or mat foundation.

Building construction:

Types of Foundations:

The foundations may be broadly classified as shallow foundations and deep foundations.

Shallow foundation - A foundation is said to be a shallow if its depth is equal to or less than its width.

Deep foundation -  A foundation is said to be a deep if its depth is equal to or greater than its width.

Building construction

The ability of the sub-soil to support the load of the structure without displacement or yielding, is known as bearing value or bearing power or bearing capacity of the soil. It is defined as the maximum load per unit area which the soil can resist safely.

The minimum load which will cause failure of a foundation is called ultimate bearing power of the soil. When the ultimate bearing power of the soil is divided by the factor of safety, we get safe bearing capacity of the soil.

The bearing capacity of the soil can be improved by......

(1) increasing the depth of footing,

(2) draining the sub-soil water,

(3) driving sand piles, and 

(4) ramming the granular material like              crushed stone in the soil.

Building Construction:

A building has two components,i.e. foundation or sub-structure and super structure. The foundation or sub-structure is the lowest part of the structure which transmits the load to the soil. The super structure is that part of the structure which is above the ground level. A part of the super structure, located between the ground level and the floor level is known as Plinth. The level of the floor is usually known as Plinth level and the built up covered area measured at the floor level is called Plinth area.